/********************************************************
 * GLOBAL & LAYOUT
 ********************************************************/
body {
    font-family: 'Segoe UI', 'Arial', sans-serif;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: #333;
    /* Font size update for better readability on all devices */
    font-size: 16px; 
    scroll-behavior: smooth;
}

.container {
    width: 90%;
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 20px;
}

/********************************************************
 * HEADER
 ********************************************************/
header {
    background: white;
    color: #000;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    text-align: left;
    position: relative; /* For mobile menu positioning */
}

header h1 {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 20px 0;
    font-size: 2.5rem; /* Standard rem units */
    font-weight: 700;
    text-align: center;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #002145 0%, #0056b3 100%);
    -webkit-background-clip: text;
    -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
    background-clip: text;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    line-height: 1.2;
}

/********************************************************
 * NAVIGATION
 ********************************************************/
nav {
    background-color: #002145;
    width: 100%;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    position: sticky; /* Keep nav visible */
    top: 0;
    z-index: 1000;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}

nav .container {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center; /* Center menu on desktop */
    align-items: center;
    padding: 0;
    height: 60px; /* Fixed height for navbar */
    max-width: 100%;
}

/* Hamburger Menu Icon (Hidden on Desktop) */
.menu-toggle {
    display: none;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    color: white;
    cursor: pointer;
    padding: 10px 20px;
    position: absolute;
    right: 0;
    top: 10px;
}

nav ul {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    height: 100%;
}

nav ul li {
    margin: 0 5px;
}

nav ul li a {
    color: white;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 1rem;
    padding: 10px 15px;
    border-radius: 5px;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    position: relative;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

nav ul li a::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 0;
    left: 50%;
    width: 0;
    height: 2px;
    background: white;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
}

nav ul li a:hover {
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
}

nav ul li a:hover::after {
    width: 80%;
}

nav ul li.active a {
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
    font-weight: 600;
}

/* Mobile-first navigation adjustments */
@media (max-width: 900px) { /* Increased breakpoint for better tablet support */
    nav .container {
        justify-content: space-between;
        padding: 0 20px;
        height: 60px;
    }

    .menu-toggle {
        display: block; /* Show hamburger icon */
    }

    nav ul {
        display: none; /* Hide menu by default */
        flex-direction: column;
        width: 100%;
        position: absolute;
        top: 60px; /* Below navbar */
        left: 0;
        background-color: #002145;
        height: auto;
        padding: 20px 0;
        box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
        border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);
    }

    nav ul.active {
        display: flex; /* Show when active */
    }

    nav ul li {
        margin: 10px 0;
        width: 100%;
        text-align: center;
        opacity: 0;
        transform: translateY(-10px);
        animation: slideIn 0.3s forwards;
    }

    /* Stagger animation for menu items */
    nav ul li:nth-child(1) { animation-delay: 0.1s; }
    nav ul li:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.15s; }
    nav ul li:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 0.2s; }
    nav ul li:nth-child(4) { animation-delay: 0.25s; }
    nav ul li:nth-child(5) { animation-delay: 0.3s; }
    nav ul li:nth-child(6) { animation-delay: 0.35s; }
    nav ul li:nth-child(7) { animation-delay: 0.4s; }
    nav ul li:nth-child(8) { animation-delay: 0.45s; }
    nav ul li:nth-child(9) { animation-delay: 0.5s; }

    nav ul li a {
        display: block;
        padding: 12px 0;
        font-size: 1.1rem;
        width: 80%;
        margin: 0 auto;
    }
    
    header h1 {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
        padding: 15px 10px;
    }
}

@keyframes slideIn {
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0);
    }
}

/********************************************************
 * SECTIONS (GENERAL)
 ********************************************************/
section {
    padding: 80px 0; /* More vertical breathing room */
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    background: #ffffff;
    position: relative;
}

/* Alternating Background Colors */
section:nth-of-type(odd) {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f0f4f9 0%, #e1e9f4 100%);
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
}

#home { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f0f4f9 0%, #e1e9f4 100%); }
#about { background: #ffffff; }
#news { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f0f4f9 0%, #e1e9f4 100%); }
#group-gallery { background: #ffffff; }
#opportunities { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f0f4f9 0%, #e1e9f4 100%); }
#contact { background: #ffffff; }

/* Unified Section Headings - Centered */
section h2 {
    text-align: center; /* Center all section titles */
    margin-bottom: 50px;
    font-size: 2.5rem; /* Larger, more prominent titles */
    color: #002145;
    font-weight: 700;
    position: relative;
    padding-bottom: 20px;
    display: block; /* Ensure full width for centering */
    letter-spacing: -0.5px;
}

/* Centered underline for headings */
section h2::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 50%;
    bottom: 0;
    width: 80px; /* Slightly wider underline */
    height: 4px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #002145, #0056b3);
    border-radius: 2px;
    transform: translateX(-50%); /* Perfect centering technique */
}

/* Unified Paragraph Styling */
section p {
    text-align: left; /* Keep text left-aligned for readability */
    margin-bottom: 25px;
    font-size: 1.25rem; /* Increased from 1.15rem for better readability */
    line-height: 1.8;
    color: #444;
    max-width: 1400px; /* Increased from 1000px to fill more space */
    margin-left: auto; /* Center the text block itself */
    margin-right: auto;
    width: 100%; /* Ensure it takes available width up to max-width */
}

/* Specific adjustment for About section to look better centered */
#about p {
    text-align: justify; /* Justify text for clean blocks */
    font-size: 1.3rem; /* Even larger for intro text */
}

/* Centering contact info */
#contact p {
    text-align: center;
    font-size: 1.3rem;
}

section img {
    display: block;
    margin: 1vw 0;
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
}

/********************************************************
 * RESPONSIVE IMAGE GRID
 ********************************************************/
.image-grid {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 2vw;
    margin-top: 2vw;
    flex-wrap: wrap; /* Allow items to wrap to the next line */
}

.image-item {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    text-align: center;
    flex: 1;
    min-width: 250px; /* Ensure a minimum width before wrapping */
}

.image-item img {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
    object-fit: cover;
    border-radius: 12px;
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.15);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.image-item img:hover {
    transform: translateY(-5px) scale(1.02);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.25);
}

.image-item figcaption {
    margin-top: 1vw;
    font-size: 1.2vw;
    color: #333;
    width: 100%;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .image-grid {
        flex-direction: column; /* Stack images vertically on smaller screens */
        align-items: center;
    }

    .image-item {
        width: 90%; /* Take up more width on mobile */
        margin-bottom: 3vw; /* Add space between stacked items */
    }

    .image-item img {
        width: 80vw; /* Use viewport width for better scaling */
        max-width: 300px; /* Cap size for very large mobile screens */
    }

    .image-item figcaption {
        font-size: 3vw;
    }
}


/********************************************************
 * PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR SECTION (Original Layout)
 ********************************************************/
#principal-investigator {
    padding: 40px 20px;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f9f9f9 0%, #ffffff 100%);
    border-radius: 15px;
    box-shadow: 0 5px 20px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.1);
}

#principal-investigator .section-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
    color: #002145;
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    font-weight: 600;
}

#principal-investigator hr {
    border: none;
    height: 2px;
    background-color: #002145;
    margin: 10px 0 30px;
}

/*
    Keeps the two-column layout on larger screens,
    .profile-left for text + photo, .profile-right for address/links
*/
.flex-layout {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 20px;
    justify-content: space-between;
}

.profile-left {
    flex: 1;
    max-width: 60%;
}

.team-photo-container {
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.team-photo-rectangular {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 250px;
    height: auto;
    border-radius: 15px;
    box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.2);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    border: 4px solid white;
}

.team-photo-rectangular:hover {
    transform: scale(1.03);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.3);
}

.profile-right {
    flex: 1;
    max-width: 35%;
}

/*
    Originally defined fonts for .profile-right h4, p.
    We will unify these with .team-member below,
    while preserving the structure.
*/
.profile-right h4 {
    /* Same as .team-member .team-info h4 in concept */
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    color: #002145;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.profile-right p {
    /* Same as .team-member .team-info p in concept */
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: #333;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
}

/* Links List */
.links-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.links-list li {
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.links-list a {
    color: #0056b3;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 1rem;
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 5px 0;
    position: relative;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.links-list a::before {
    content: '→ ';
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateX(-10px);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.links-list a:hover {
    color: #003366;
    padding-left: 15px;
}

.links-list a:hover::before {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateX(0);
}

/* Additional info at bottom of PI section */
.additional-info {
    margin-top: 30px;
    padding-top: 20px;
    border-top: 2px solid #ddd;
}

.additional-info h4 {
    /* Same as .team-member h4 concept, or you can keep the same as above. */
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    color: #002145;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.additional-info p,
.additional-info ul {
    /* Match .team-member paragraph styles */
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: #333;
    line-height: 1.6;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
}

.additional-info ul {
    padding-left: 20px;
}

.additional-info ul li {
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

/*
    Make sure <h3> in PI section is also the same as .team-member h3
    (In case you have <h3> "Fang (Fiona) Fang, Ph.D." in .profile-left)
*/
#principal-investigator h3 {
    margin: 0 0 10px;
    font-size: 1.5rem;  /* Same as .team-member .team-info h3 */
    color: #002145;
}

/********************************************************
 * RESPONSIVENESS FOR PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR SECTION
 ********************************************************/
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    /*
        Keep team-member rules intact:
        .team-member {
          flex-direction: column;
          text-align: center;
        }
        ...
    */

    /* For the PI section's flex layout: stack columns, center text */
    .flex-layout {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .profile-left,
    .profile-right {
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    .team-photo-rectangular {
        max-width: 180px;
        border-radius: 50%;
        margin-bottom: 15px;
        object-fit: cover;
        height: 180px; /* Make it a perfect circle on mobile */
    }

    #principal-investigator .section-title {
        font-size: 5vw; /* Adjust font size for mobile */
    }

    #principal-investigator h3,
    .profile-right h4,
    .additional-info h4 {
        font-size: 4vw; /* Adjust font size for mobile */
    }

    .profile-right p,
    .links-list a,
    .additional-info p,
    .additional-info ul li {
        font-size: 3.5vw; /* Adjust font size for mobile */
    }
}


/********************************************************
 * PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR SECTION (Original Layout)
 ********************************************************/
 #principal-investigator {
    padding: 40px 20px;
    background-color: #f9f9f9;
    border-radius: 10px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

#principal-investigator .section-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
    color: #002145;
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
}

#principal-investigator hr {
    border: none;
    height: 2px;
    background-color: #002145;
    margin: 10px 0 30px;
}

/* 
   Keeps the two-column layout on larger screens, 
   .profile-left for text + photo, .profile-right for address/links 
*/
.flex-layout {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 20px;
    justify-content: space-between;
}

.profile-left {
    flex: 1;
    max-width: 60%;
}

.team-photo-container {
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.team-photo-rectangular {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 250px;
    height: auto;
    border-radius: 15px;
    box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.2);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    border: 4px solid white;
}

.team-photo-rectangular:hover {
    transform: scale(1.03);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.3);
}

.profile-right {
    flex: 1;
    max-width: 35%;
}

/* 
   Originally defined fonts for .profile-right h4, p.
   We will unify these with .team-member below,
   while preserving the structure.
*/
.profile-right h4 {
    /* Same as .team-member .team-info h4 in concept */
    font-size: 1.25rem; 
    color: #002145;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.profile-right p {
    /* Same as .team-member .team-info p in concept */
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: #333;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
}

/* Links List */
.links-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.links-list li {
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.links-list a {
    color: #0056b3;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 1rem;
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 5px 0;
    position: relative;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.links-list a::before {
    content: '→ ';
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateX(-10px);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.links-list a:hover {
    color: #003366;
    padding-left: 15px;
}

.links-list a:hover::before {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateX(0);
}

/* Additional info at bottom of PI section */
.additional-info {
    margin-top: 30px;
    padding-top: 20px;
    border-top: 2px solid #ddd;
}

.additional-info h4 {
    /* Same as .team-member h4 concept, or you can keep the same as above. */
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    color: #002145;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.additional-info p,
.additional-info ul {
    /* Match .team-member paragraph styles */
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: #333;
    line-height: 1.6;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
}

.additional-info ul {
    padding-left: 20px;
}

.additional-info ul li {
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

/*
    Make sure <h3> in PI section is also the same as .team-member h3
    (In case you have <h3> "Fang (Fiona) Fang, Ph.D." in .profile-left)
*/
#principal-investigator h3 {
    margin: 0 0 10px;
    font-size: 1.5rem;  /* Same as .team-member .team-info h3 */
    color: #002145;
}

/********************************************************
 * PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR SECTION (Original Layout, now Responsive)
 ********************************************************/
 #principal-investigator {
    padding: 40px 20px;
    background-color: #f9f9f9;
    border-radius: 10px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

#principal-investigator .section-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
    color: #002145;
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
}

#principal-investigator hr {
    border: none;
    height: 2px;
    background-color: #002145;
    margin: 10px 0 30px;
}

/*
    Keeps the two-column layout on larger screens,
    .profile-left for text + photo, .profile-right for address/links
    Allows wrapping on smaller screens (controlled by media query)
*/
.flex-layout {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap; /* Allows wrapping to stack on smaller screens */
    gap: 20px;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: flex-start; /* Aligns content to the top */
}

.profile-left {
    flex: 1;
    max-width: 60%; /* Original proportional width for desktop */
}

.team-photo-container {
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 20px; /* Space below photo */
}

.team-photo-rectangular {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 250px; /* Max width for desktop rectangular photo */
    height: auto; /* Maintain aspect ratio */
    border-radius: 15px; /* Rectangular corners for desktop */
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    object-fit: cover;
}

.profile-right {
    flex: 1;
    max-width: 35%; /* Original proportional width for desktop */
}

/* Font sizes for PI's right column and additional info */
.profile-right h4,
.additional-info h4 {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    color: #002145;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.profile-right p,
.additional-info p,
.additional-info ul {
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: #333;
    line-height: 1.6;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
}

.links-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.links-list li {
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.links-list a {
    color: #0056b3;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 1rem;
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 5px 0;
    position: relative;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.links-list a::before {
    content: '→ ';
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateX(-10px);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.links-list a:hover {
    color: #003366;
    padding-left: 15px;
}

.links-list a:hover::before {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateX(0);
}

.additional-info {
    margin-top: 30px;
    padding-top: 20px;
    border-top: 2px solid #ddd;
}

.additional-info ul {
    padding-left: 20px;
}

.additional-info ul li {
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

/* Heading for PI's name in .profile-left */
#principal-investigator h3 {
    margin: 0 0 10px;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    color: #002145;
}

/********************************************************
 * TEAM MEMBER SECTION (Original Layout, now Responsive)
 ********************************************************/
 #team-members{
    background-color: #b3c5de; /* Changed to match research project section */
}

.team-member {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    margin-bottom: 30px;
    gap: 25px;
    padding: 20px;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    border-radius: 15px;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.08);
}

.team-member:hover {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95);
    box-shadow: 0 5px 20px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.15);
    transform: translateX(5px);
}

.team-member .team-photo {
    width: 180px;
    height: 240px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    object-fit: cover;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.2);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    border: 4px solid white;
}

.team-member:hover .team-photo {
    transform: scale(1.05);
    box-shadow: 0 6px 25px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.3);
}

.team-member .team-info {
    flex: 1; /* Allows text content to fill remaining space */
}

/* Font sizes for team member info */
.team-member .team-info h3 {
    margin: 0 0 10px;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    color: #002145;
}

.team-member .team-info p {
    margin: 0;
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: #333;
    line-height: 1.5;
}


/********************************************************
 * RESPONSIVENESS FOR TEAM SECTIONS
 ********************************************************/
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    /* Principal Investigator Responsive Adjustments */
    .flex-layout {
        flex-direction: column; /* Stack columns vertically on small screens */
        align-items: center; /* Center items when stacked */
        text-align: center; /* Center text within PI section */
    }

    .profile-left,
    .profile-right {
        max-width: 100%; /* Take full width on small screens */
        /* Text alignment handled by .flex-layout's text-align: center */
    }

    .team-photo-rectangular {
        width: 180px; /* Smaller, fixed width for mobile PI photo */
        height: 180px; /* Make it circular on mobile by matching width */
        border-radius: 50%; /* Circular shape for mobile */
        margin-bottom: 15px;
        object-fit: cover; /* Ensure image covers the area */
    }

    /* Team Member Responsive Adjustments */
    .team-member {
        flex-direction: column; /* Stack image and text vertically on small screens */
        text-align: center; /* Center content when stacked */
    }

    .team-member .team-photo {
        width: 150px; /* Smaller width for mobile team member photos */
        height: 150px; /* Make them circular by matching width */
        margin-bottom: 15px; /* Space between photo and info */
    }

    /* Font size adjustments for mobile (using vw for fluidity) */
    #principal-investigator .section-title {
        font-size: 5vw;
    }

    #principal-investigator h3,
    .profile-right h4,
    .additional-info h4,
    .team-member .team-info h3 {
        font-size: 4.5vw;
    }

    .profile-right p,
    .links-list a,
    .additional-info p,
    .additional-info ul li,
    .team-member .team-info p {
        font-size: 3.5vw;
    }
}

/* Optional: Even smaller devices (up to 480px wide) - further adjustments */
@media (max-width: 480px) {
    /* PI section adjustments for very small screens */
    .team-photo-rectangular {
        width: 140px; /* Even smaller circular photo */
        height: 140px;
    }

    /* Team member section adjustments for very small screens */
    .team-member .team-photo {
        width: 120px; /* Even smaller circular photo */
        height: 120px;
    }

    /* Further font size adjustments for very small screens */
    #principal-investigator .section-title {
        font-size: 6vw;
    }
    #principal-investigator h3,
    .profile-right h4,
    .additional-info h4,
    .team-member .team-info h3 {
        font-size: 5.5vw;
    }
    .profile-right p,
    .links-list a,
    .additional-info p,
    .additional-info ul li,
    .team-member .team-info p {
        font-size: 4vw;
    }
}

/********************************************************
 * Gallery
 ********************************************************/
/* Enhanced Group Gallery */
#group-gallery {
    padding: 80px 0;
    /* Background handled by section alternating rules */
}

#group-gallery h2 {
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 60px;
    display: block; 
}

#group-gallery h2::after {
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
}

.group-gallery-grid {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: nowrap; /* Force single row on desktop */
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: stretch; /* Equal height cards */
    gap: 30px;
    max-width: 1600px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 20px;
}

.group-photo-card {
    background: #fff;
    border-radius: 18px;
    box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.10);
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: all 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.8, 0.25, 1);
    flex: 1 1 0; /* Equal width, fill available space */
    min-width: 0; /* Allow shrinking below content size */
    max-width: 520px; /* Cap max width */
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    position: relative;
    border: none;
}

.group-photo-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-10px);
    box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.18);
}

.group-photo-card img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 300px; /* Fixed height for consistency */
    display: block;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    transition: transform 0.5s ease;
}

.group-photo-card:hover img {
    transform: scale(1.04);
}

.group-photo-card .caption {
    padding: 40px 24px 28px 24px;
    font-size: 1.12rem;
    text-align: center;
    color: #002145;
    background: #ffffff;
    font-style: normal;
    font-weight: 500;
    line-height: 1.65;
    letter-spacing: 0.01em;
    
    /* Consistent text area - equal height for all cards */
    flex-grow: 1;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    min-height: 110px;
    border-top: none;
    position: relative;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

/* Decorative accent line above caption */
.group-photo-card .caption::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 15px;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    width: 50px;
    height: 3px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #002145, #0056b3);
    border-radius: 2px;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .group-gallery-grid {
        flex-wrap: wrap; /* Allow wrapping on mobile */
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .group-photo-card {
        flex: none; /* Override flex: 1 */
        width: 100%;
        max-width: 450px;
    }

    .group-photo-card img {
        height: 250px; /* Adjust image height for mobile */
    }

    .group-photo-card .caption {
        font-size: 1.05rem;
        padding: 38px 20px 24px 20px;
        line-height: 1.6;
        min-height: 90px;
    }

    .group-photo-card .caption::before {
        top: 18px;
    }

    #group-gallery h2 {
        font-size: 2rem;
    }
}


/********************************************************
 * FOOTER
 ********************************************************/
footer {
    background: #333;
    color: white;
    text-align: center;
    padding: 2vw;
    margin-top: 2vw;
}

footer .social a {
    color: white;
    margin: 0 0.5vw;
    text-decoration: none;
    display: inline-block;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    padding: 0.5vw;
    border-radius: 50%;
}

footer .social a:hover {
    color: #b3c5de;
    transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.2);
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    footer {
        padding: 4vw 2vw; /* Increase padding for better touch targets */
        font-size: 3.5vw;
    }

    footer .social a {
        font-size: 4vw; /* Larger social icons */
        margin: 0 2vw;
    }
}

/********************************************************
 * NEWS / TIMELINE SECTION
 ********************************************************/
/* Typography improvements */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    font-family: 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
}

/* Ensure Home/Research Fields grid is centered */
#home .container {
    text-align: center;
}

#home h2 {
    margin-bottom: 60px;
}

.image-grid {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 40px;
    margin-top: 40px;
    flex-wrap: wrap; 
    max-width: 1400px;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
}

/* Remove old specific styles to prevent conflicts */
#news .container {
    margin-top: 0;
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

#news h2 {
    /* Handled by global section h2 */
    margin-bottom: 40px;
}

/* Fix Opportunities Section */
#opportunities p {
    /* Handled by previous update */
    font-size: 1.25rem;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    #opportunities p {
        font-size: 1.1rem;
    }
}

/* Center the Timeline Container */
.timeline {
    position: relative;
    margin: 0 auto; /* Center the timeline itself */
    padding: 0;
    list-style-type: none;
    max-width: 1200px; /* Increased from 800px */
}

/* Adjust timeline line position */
.timeline::before {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    left: 20px; /* Keep line on the left of the content block */
    top: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    width: 3px;
    background: #002145; /* Dark blue line */
    opacity: 0.3; /* Softer line */
}

.timeline-item {
    position: relative;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
    padding-left: 60px; /* Space for the line and dot */
}

/* Center News Section Content */
#news .container {
    text-align: center; /* Center the intro text */
}

#news p {
    text-align: center; /* Center the "Latest news..." text */
    max-width: 1200px; /* Increased width */
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
}

/* Ensure timeline content is left-aligned for readability */
.news-content p {
    text-align: left; 
    margin-bottom: 0;
    font-size: 1.25rem; /* Match global font size */
}

/* Center Opportunities Text */
#opportunities p {
    text-align: center;
    font-size: 1.5rem; /* Larger font for call to action */
    max-width: 1300px; /* Wider text block */
    margin: 0 auto;
    font-style: italic;
    color: #555;
    line-height: 1.9;
}

/* Refine Contact Info alignment */
#contact .container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center; /* Force center alignment */
}

.timeline-item::before {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    left: 10px;
    top: 0;
    width: 20px;
    height: 20px;
    background: #0056b3;
    border: 3px solid #002145;
    border-radius: 50%;
}

.news-content {
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #d4e4f7 0%, #c3dcf9 100%);
    padding: 1.5vw;
    border-radius: 15px;
    box-shadow: 0 3px 12px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.12);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    border-left: 4px solid #002145;
}

.news-content:hover {
    transform: translateX(5px);
    box-shadow: 0 5px 20px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.2);
}

.news-date {
    display: block;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #002145;
    margin-bottom: 0.5vw;
}

.news-content a {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #0056b3;
    font-weight: bold;
    font-size: 1.2vw;
}

.news-content a:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/* News/Timeline responsiveness */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    #news h2 {
        font-size: 5vw;
        text-align: center;
    }

    #news p,
    #news .news-content p {
        font-size: 3.5vw;
    }

    .timeline::before {
        left: 5vw; /* Adjust timeline bar position */
    }

    .timeline-item {
        padding-left: 10vw; /* Adjust content padding */
        margin-bottom: 4vw;
    }

    .timeline-item::before {
        left: 3vw; /* Adjust circle position */
        width: 4vw;
        height: 4vw;
        border-width: 0.5vw;
    }

    .news-content {
        padding: 3vw;
    }

    .news-date {
        font-size: 4vw;
        margin-bottom: 1vw;
    }

    .news-content a {
        font-size: 3.5vw;
    }
}

/********************************************************
 * RESEARCH SECTION
 ********************************************************/
#research {
    /* Background handled by global rules or specific overrides if needed */
    padding: 60px 0;
}

/* Default: single column for narrow screens */
.research-area {
    display: block;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
}

/* From 1024px up: two equal columns */
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
    .research-area {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        gap: 20px;
        align-items: start; /* align image + text at top */
    }
}

/* Make image always fill its grid cell proportionally */
.research-area .research-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    object-fit: cover;
    border-radius: 15px;
    box-shadow: 0 5px 20px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.15);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.research-area .research-image:hover {
    transform: scale(1.02);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.25);
}

/* And let the text flow naturally in its cell */
.research-area .research-content {
    text-align: left; /* or center, if you prefer */
}
.research-content h3 {
    text-align: center;
    margin: 0 0 10px;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    color: #002145;
}

.research-content p {
    margin: 0;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    color: #333;
    line-height: 1.6;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .research-area {
        flex-direction: column; /* stack image + text */
        display: flex; /* Ensure flex behavior */
        align-items: center; /* Center items when stacked */
    }
    .research-area > .research-image,
    .research-area > .research-content {
        width: 90%; /* each takes full width, with some margin */
        margin: 0 auto; /* center if needed */
        margin-bottom: 20px; /* Space between stacked image and content */
    }

    .research-content h3 {
        font-size: 5vw;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .research-content p {
        font-size: 3.5vw;
        text-align: left; /* Keep text left-aligned even if content is centered */
    }
}

/********************************************************
 * OPPORTUNITIES SECTION
 ********************************************************/
#opportunities p {
    font-size: 1.3vw;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    #opportunities p {
        font-size: 3.5vw;
    }
}


/********************************************************
 * ABOUT SECTION
 ********************************************************/
#about .container {
    margin-top: 0;
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* Headings and paragraphs handled by global section rules */

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    #about h2 {
        font-size: 5vw;
        text-align: center;
    }

    #about p {
        font-size: 3.5vw;
        line-height: 1.5;
    }
}

/********************************************************
 * MEDIA QUERIES
 * Additional breakpoints to enhance responsiveness
 ********************************************************/
/* Screens up to 768px wide */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    /* Adjust global font size */
    body {
        font-size: 1.5vw; /* This will be overridden by more specific rules below */
    }

    /* Adjust container padding for mobile */
    .container {
        padding: 4vw;
        width: 90vw;
    }

    /* Reflow team-member layout */
    .team-member {
        flex-direction: column;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .team-member .team-photo {
        margin-bottom: 15px;
    }

    /* Make Principal Investigator Section fully responsive */
    .flex-layout {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
    }

    .profile-left,
    .profile-right {
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    /* Ensure research-area columns stack */
    .research-area {
        flex-direction: column;
    }

    .research-area .research-image {
        max-width: 100%;
        margin-bottom: 20px;
    }

    .research-area .research-content {
        text-align: center;
    }

    /* Navigation fonts */
    nav ul li a {
        font-size: 2.5vw; /* This is too small, overridden by navigation specific rules */
    }

    header h1 {
        font-size: 6vw; /* Larger header for mobile */
        padding: 4vw 0;
    }

    section h2 {
        font-size: 5.5vw; /* Larger section titles for mobile */
        text-align: center; /* Center section titles on mobile */
        margin-bottom: 3vw;
    }

    section p {
        font-size: 3.8vw; /* General paragraph adjustment */
        margin-bottom: 2.5vw;
    }
}

/* Screens from 769px and larger (Desktop/Tablet landscape) */
@media (min-width: 769px) {
    /* Return the two-column layout for .research-area */
    .research-area {
        flex-direction: row;
    }

    .research-area .research-image {
        flex: 0 0 40%;
    }

    .research-area .research-content {
        flex: 1;
        text-align: left;
    }
}

/* Wide Screen Optimization */
@media (min-width: 1400px) {
    .container {
        max-width: 1600px;
        width: 92%; /* Use more width */
    }

    /* Scale typography for large screens */
    body {
        font-size: 19px; /* Increased base font */
    }

    header h1 {
        font-size: 3.8rem;
        padding: 50px 0;
    }

    nav ul li a {
        font-size: 1.2rem;
        padding: 15px 30px; /* Larger click areas */
    }

    section h2 {
        font-size: 2.8rem;
        margin-bottom: 60px;
    }

    /* Group Highlights - wider on large screens */
    .group-gallery-grid {
        max-width: 1700px;
        gap: 40px;
    }
    .group-photo-card {
        max-width: 560px;
    }
    .group-photo-card img {
        height: 340px;
    }
    .group-photo-card .caption {
        font-size: 1.22rem;
        padding: 42px 28px 32px 28px;
        line-height: 1.7;
        min-height: 120px;
    }

    .group-photo-card .caption::before {
        top: 18px;
    }

    .image-grid {
        gap: 50px;
        max-width: 1500px; /* Allow grid to spread wider */
    }
    
    .image-item {
        min-width: 400px; /* Larger images */
    }

    /* Optimize text readability on wide screens */
    section p, 
    .research-content p,
    .team-info p,
    .profile-left p,
    .additional-info p {
        max-width: 1400px; /* Relaxed width limit */
        font-size: 1.35rem; /* Larger paragraph text for wide screens */
        line-height: 1.9;
    }

    /* Research Area adjustments */
    .research-area {
        gap: 60px; /* More space between image and text */
    }

    .research-area .research-image {
        flex: 0 0 45%; /* Larger image ratio */
    }
}

/* Extra Wide Screen (4K etc) */
@media (min-width: 1920px) {
    .container {
        max-width: 1800px;
    }

    body {
        font-size: 21px;
    }

    header h1 {
        font-size: 4.5rem;
    }
    
    section p {
        max-width: 1600px;
    }

    /* Group Highlights - extra wide screens */
    .group-gallery-grid {
        max-width: 1800px;
        gap: 50px;
    }
    .group-photo-card {
        max-width: 600px;
    }
    .group-photo-card img {
        height: 360px;
    }
    .group-photo-card .caption {
        font-size: 1.28rem;
        padding: 46px 32px 36px 32px;
        line-height: 1.75;
        min-height: 130px;
    }

    .group-photo-card .caption::before {
        top: 20px;
    }
}

/* Optional: Even smaller devices (up to 480px wide) */
@media (max-width: 480px) {
    body {
        font-size: 3.5vw; /* Base font size for very small screens */
    }

    nav ul li a {
        font-size: 4.5vw; /* Larger navigation links */
    }

    header h1 {
        font-size: 7vw; /* Even larger header */
    }

    section h2 {
        font-size: 6.5vw; /* Even larger section titles */
    }

    #principal-investigator .section-title,
    #group-gallery h2,
    #news h2,
    #about h2,
    .research-content h3,
    .team-member .team-info h3,
    .profile-right h4,
    .additional-info h4 {
        font-size: 6vw; /* Ensure consistent heading sizes on smallest screens */
    }

    section p,
    #opportunities p,
    #about p,
    #news p,
    #news .news-content p,
    .image-item figcaption,
    .group-photo-card .caption,
    .team-member .team-info p,
    .profile-right p,
    .links-list a,
    .additional-info p,
    .additional-info ul li,
    .news-date,
    .news-content a {
        font-size: 4vw; /* Ensure consistent paragraph/text sizes on smallest screens */
    }

    .timeline::before {
        left: 6vw; /* Adjust timeline bar position */
    }

    .timeline-item {
        padding-left: 12vw; /* Adjust content padding */
    }

    .timeline-item::before {
        left: 4vw; /* Adjust circle position */
        width: 5vw;
        height: 5vw;
    }

    .team-photo-rectangular {
        max-width: 150px; /* Adjust PI photo size for smallest screens */
        height: 150px;
    }
}

/********************************************************
 * ENHANCED VISUAL EFFECTS & ANIMATIONS
 ********************************************************/

/* Subtle fade-in animation for sections */
@keyframes fadeInUp {
    from {
        opacity: 0;
        transform: translateY(20px);
    }
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0);
    }
}

section {
    animation: fadeInUp 0.6s ease-out;
}

/* Link hover effects enhancement */
a {
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

/* Button-like link styles */
section a[href*="mailto"],
section a[href*="tel"] {
    color: #0056b3;
    font-weight: 500;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

section a[href*="mailto"]:hover,
section a[href*="tel"]:hover {
    color: #002145;
    text-decoration: none;
    padding-left: 3px;
}

/* Enhanced header styling */
header h1 {
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.08);
}

/* News date badge enhancement */
.news-date {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 4px 12px;
    background: rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.08);
    border-radius: 20px;
    font-size: 0.9em;
}

/* Timeline enhancements */
.timeline-item::before {
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0056b3 0%, #002145 100%);
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(0, 86, 179, 0.1);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.timeline-item:hover::before {
    transform: scale(1.2);
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 6px rgba(0, 86, 179, 0.15);
}

/* Image captions enhancement */
figcaption {
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #002145;
}

/* Contact section enhancement */
#contact p {
    line-height: 1.8;
}

/* Team info text enhancement */
.team-info h3 {
    letter-spacing: 0.3px;
}

.team-info p {
    text-align: justify;
    line-height: 1.7;
}

/* Research content enhancement */
.research-content {
    padding: 15px;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
    border-radius: 12px;
}

/* Additional info section enhancement */
.additional-info {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);
    padding: 25px;
    border-radius: 12px;
    margin-top: 30px;
}

/* Profile sections enhancement */
.profile-right {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6);
    padding: 20px;
    border-radius: 12px;
}

/* Smooth scrolling for anchor links */
html {
    scroll-behavior: smooth;
}

/* Selection styling */
::selection {
    background: #002145;
    color: white;
}

::-moz-selection {
    background: #002145;
    color: white;
}

/* Focus styles for accessibility */
a:focus,
button:focus {
    outline: 2px solid #0056b3;
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Loading optimization */
img {
    image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast;
}

/********************************************************
 * PUBLICATIONS SECTION
 ********************************************************/
#publications {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f0f4f9 0%, #e1e9f4 100%);
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
}

#publications h3 {
    color: #002145;
    font-size: 1.8rem;
    margin-top: 2.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
    border-bottom: 2px solid #b3c5de;
}

#publications ol {
    counter-reset: publication-counter;
    list-style: none;
    padding-left: 0;
}

#publications ol li {
    counter-increment: publication-counter;
    position: relative;
    padding: 1.2rem 1.5rem 1.2rem 4rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f8fbff 0%, #ffffff 100%);
    border-left: 4px solid #0056b3;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.08);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    line-height: 1.7;
}

#publications ol li::before {
    content: counter(publication-counter);
    position: absolute;
    left: 1rem;
    top: 1.2rem;
    width: 2rem;
    height: 2rem;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #002145 0%, #0056b3 100%);
    color: white;
    border-radius: 50%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-weight: bold;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
}

#publications ol li:hover {
    transform: translateX(5px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 33, 69, 0.15);
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f0f7ff 0%, #ffffff 100%);
}

#publications ol li a {
    color: #0056b3;
    font-weight: 500;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

#publications ol li a:hover {
    color: #002145;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

#publications ol li em {
    color: #002145;
    font-style: italic;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    #publications h3 {
        font-size: 5vw;
    }
    
    #publications ol li {
        padding: 1rem 1rem 1rem 3.5rem;
        font-size: 3.5vw;
    }
    
    #publications ol li::before {
        width: 1.8rem;
        height: 1.8rem;
        font-size: 0.8rem;
        left: 0.8rem;
        top: 1rem;
    }
}